首字母填空

給首字母填空類短文題是近幾年來各地中考試題經(jīng)常采用的題型之一，因為它有非常好的信度和效度，又能拉開考生間的分差、提高區(qū)分度。這種題型屬于能力測試的范疇，它考查的范圍極廣，可以是英語知識的方方面面，還可能涉及其它學科。它要求考生在充分理解短文的基礎(chǔ)上將單詞拼寫出來，并且單詞形式合理，符合語法規(guī)范，符合短文需要。這種試題的首字母已給，所填的就必須是該字母開頭的單詞。這既是一種限制，又是一種提示。

可是這種題型因難度相對較大，考生失分現(xiàn)象比較嚴重。學生要仔細閱讀全文，利用上下文提供的有關(guān)信息，再仔細閱讀相關(guān)句子，判斷所缺單詞的句子成分，才能完成練習。完型填空式中考試卷中最難的題型，最能測量考生實際運用語言的能力。要做好此類題目，考生不但要有較強的語感，善于體會上下文的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，而且要有扎實的語言知識儲備和較大的詞匯量。

不少同學經(jīng)過長期艱苦的努力，可能仍達不到理想的訓練效果，為了幫助同學們解決燃眉之急，在平時的教學中我采用了下面的“臺階式”教學法，而且經(jīng)過試驗，我發(fā)現(xiàn)這確實是比較有效的方法之一，對提高學生的解題能力很有幫助。具體做法如下：

Step1：掌握七種句子成分與十種詞性之間的對應關(guān)系。通過對單一成分的分類練習，

掌握該句子成分與何種詞性相對應。詞性正確是答案正確的前提。

(1) 對主語的判斷

1. _______ are helpful to students. ( teach )

2. _______ is more important to me than money. ( healthy )

3. Some famous _______ are going to give lectures in our university in August. ( science)

4. _______ is my favorite sport. ( fish )

5. _______ stamps is my hobby. ( collect )

Key: 1. Teachers 2. Health 3. scientists 4. Fishing 5. Collecting

分析：以上練習中，所填的詞均為句子的主語。主語是動作的發(fā)出者，詞性主要為名詞與代詞（1-３）；動詞不能直接用作主語，必須轉(zhuǎn)化成其對應的名詞或動名詞（４-５）。此外，形容詞前加the以及帶連詞的句子也可作主語。

例如：

The rich are not always happy. 句中the rich 指“有錢人”，因此可以作主語。

What I wanted was just your help. 句中What I wanted是一個帶有連詞what的句子，因此也可以作主語。

(2) 對謂語的判斷

John was standing on the step of a house. An old woman c________ over to him. “My boy,” she a_____ , “Is your father at home?” “Yes,” a_______ John. The woman b________ ringing the bell. She rang and rang, but there was no answer. At last she t_____ back to John and s______ angrily, “Didn’t you s______ that your father was at home?” “I did”, answered John, “but this i_______ my house.”

Key: came asked answered began turned said say isn’t

分析：語篇中的所缺詞均為謂語動詞。謂語是句子所表示的動作，詞性只能是動詞，而且在句子中不能缺。當一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中同時出現(xiàn)兩個或兩個以上動詞時，還要判斷他們之間的相互關(guān)系，對謂語動詞或非謂語動詞的判斷只有在熟練掌握相關(guān)知識的基礎(chǔ)上，才能作出正確的判斷。平時練習和周練中，我經(jīng)常讓學生做些“用動詞的適當形式填空”練習，有助于對動詞形式的判斷。

(3) 對賓語的判斷

1.  Mr. Chen was surprised to see the fast ________ in Shanghai after his long absence from the city. ( develop )

2.  The front is in great need of medical _____.( work )

3.  Thank you for your _______. ( kind )

4.   At last he sold his ______. ( invent )

Key: 1. development 2. workers 3. kindness 4. invention（s）

分析：賓語是動作的承受者，分動詞賓語與介詞賓語兩種。賓語的詞性同和主語的詞性一樣，單是如果代詞作賓語時就必須用其賓格。

(4) 對表語的判斷

1. It is ______ for an ordinary plane to fly to the moon. ( possible)

2. The sick man is getting ______. ( ill )

3.  Patrick is going to be a(n) ______ when he grows up.(engine)

4.  Such cold weather is quite _____ in June and people have to wear warm clothes again. （ usually ）

5.  It’s a ______ to have a picnic with all the members. （please ）

Key: 1. impossible 2. worse 3. engineer 4. unusual 5. pleasure

分析：表語是連系動詞后接的成分。詞性主要為形容詞，名詞, 介詞短語。如果是動詞

的適當形式作表語，動詞必須改成 to do ,doing 或 done 的形式。

(5) 對定語的判斷

1. The _______ exams usually take place at the end of June. ( finally)

2.  On a _____ night, you can see thousands of stars in the sky. ( clearly)

3.  In ______ weather, the old had better stay at home. (freeze )

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4.  The French artist said, “It is my _____ time to visit Shanghai. I love

this city so much. ( one )

5.  Most people don’t like ________ food. ( freeze )

6.   Who is your ________ teacher? ( chemical )

Key: (1) final (2) clear (3) freezing (4) first (5) frozen (6) chemistry

分析:定語是修飾名詞與代詞的成分。詞性以形容詞，序數(shù)詞，介詞短語為主。名詞修

飾名詞說明后面名稱的性能或用途。如：stamp show / physics teacher。如果是動詞

的適當形式作定語，動詞必須改成 to do ,doing 或 done 的形式。

(6) 對狀語的判斷

1. The old lady could hardly believe that she had got the travel pass to Hong

Kong so ______ (easy)

2.  Watch ______, and you will find the difference between the two pictures.

( care )

3.   After flying in the storm for nearly one hour, the helicopter landed ______ at last. ( safe )

Key : (1) easily (2) carefully (3) safely

分析：狀語是說明動作發(fā)生的時間，地點，原因，方式，目的，結(jié)果，條件和伴隨情況

的成分。詞性以副詞為主，也可以是介詞短語。如果是動詞的適當形式作狀語，動詞必須改成 to do ,doing 或 done 的形式。

(7) 對連詞的判斷

1. Work harder, __________ you’ll make great progress in English.

2. My job is to protect the innocent __________ find the guilty.

3. __________ you __________ he can go to the cinema, but you cannot go together because I have only one ticket.

4. Can you tell me _________ you are from?

5. I’ll give you a call __________ I get to Japan.

Key: (1)and (2) as well as (3) Either…or (4) where (5) as soon as

分析：在英語中, 并列連詞and, but, or, so , not only…but also, either …or, neither…nor, as well as, both… and等連接并列的詞,詞組和句子; 而從屬連詞則連接主句與從句。

Step2：在牢記了七種句子成分與十種詞性的對應關(guān)系之后，多做綜合的“用所給單詞的正確形式填空”，有利于提高對句子成分的判斷能力。熟練掌握詞性轉(zhuǎn)化的技巧是通向首字母填空的第二步。

Step3：鍛煉自己的發(fā)散和歸納思維的能力，或稱為“猜謎”的能力。

Exercise : Guess the missing word.

1.  ________ are helpful to students.

2.  ________ are helpful to students. They give them knowledge.

3.  ________ are helpful to students. In class they teach them knowledge and after

class they care for them like parents.

4. ________ are helpful to students. They keep them healthy.

分析：按順序做你會不假思索地得出答案，1---4均為Teachers，全部解完后再思考，似乎第一題答案不僅僅只有Teachers。按判斷主語的結(jié)論，凡名詞，只要合乎邏輯，都可作為第一題的答案，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)Books也可，繼而得出結(jié)論：“一切有益于學生的復數(shù)名詞均為正確答案，如：Exercises、Doctors、Police、Parents…”。第二題受后一句knowledge的限制，答案要少一些，如：Teachers、Books，第三題限制更多，從“care for”判斷主語只能是人，即: Teachers。第四題受healthy的限制，最好填Doctors / Nurses。

以上練習說明解完形填空需要如下技能：

1. 對所缺詞的句子成分必須作出精確判斷，然后填入正確的詞性，即必須熟練掌握句子成分與詞性的對應關(guān)系。

2. 必須訓練自己擴散性思維能力，如同猜謎，因為詞義的確定依靠著對句中限制性信息的判斷得出。

3. 良好的語法基本功。在確定完詞性與詞義后，名詞單復數(shù)、形容詞的比較等級和動詞時態(tài)的確定等等建立在良好的語法基本功之上。

Step4：對詞性、詞義、詞形的精確判斷階段，即綜合運用階段

Mr. Wu is getting old. He is l_______ the school soon. The s_______ in his class have given h______ a lot of p_______. Among t______ are cards, note-books, photos and books. Most of the cards are m______ by the students themselves.

Photos will h_____ Mr. Wu remember the happy t_________ when he was with his students. Next week, t________ will have a p_______ to s ______ goodbye to him.

分析：通讀短文以后發(fā)現(xiàn)Mr. Wu 是一位老師。從old 可推斷他不久要退休了,所以

“l(fā)____” 應為謂語動詞 leaving ;“s____” 是第三句的主語, 結(jié)合 have 判斷為 students; “h______”是give 的賓語, 判斷為him ;“p_____” 的內(nèi)容是 cards, note-books… , 所以判斷為名詞presents; “t_____” 是介詞among 的賓語, 應為them ; “m____” 處于be done by 的結(jié)構(gòu)中, 應為過去分詞made;“h_____” 位于情態(tài)動詞will 之后, 應為動詞原形help;“t_____” 是remember 的賓語, 并且受到happy 的修飾應為 time；“t_____” 是主語, 名詞或代詞 teachers / they;

中大網(wǎng)校推薦新聞：

各省市2014年中考時間匯總

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各省市2014年中考體育評分標準與項目匯總

“p____” 是have的賓語, 前面有冠詞, 所以是名詞party；“s_____” 前有 to, 分析成分為目的狀語 to do 即 to say。

Step5：熟能生巧階段。 要做到舉重若輕，必須在前四步的基礎(chǔ)上作長期系統(tǒng)的訓練，把上述知識演化為解題技能。

例如：

【2011上?！緿. Read the passage and fill in the blanks with suitable words .( 在短文的空格內(nèi)填入適當?shù)拇?使其內(nèi)容通順. 每空格限填一詞, 首字母已給 ): ( 14分)

At one time, making a film was an expensive activity only for a small group of people and film companies. Not only were the tools and machines expensive but the cost of film was also far greater than most people could afford. However, modem technology has c 92 all that.

New technology has really opened up the world of film-making for film fans. Now a camera

does not cost m 93 and most young people are certainly able to pay for it. So all you need is to get one for yourself. With that, you may then start your own film-making.

However, film-making is t 94 work. You probably need many other people to help you.

For example, the p 95 of actors and actresses is very important in your film. Of course, these actors and actresses may be your schoolmates, friends or family members. You don’t even need to pay them a cent while they are glad to be part of your job.

B 96 , you need to make up a story. Can you write your own one? If you have good imagination, you can create an attractive story e 97 . Many world-famous film makers and producers are also good story-writers. If not, perhaps you need someone else to write it for you.

An excellent story is the key to making a s 98 film.

【主旨大意】

文章指出，隨著生活水平和現(xiàn)代科技的提高，人們自己制作一部電影已經(jīng)不再是什么稀罕的事。文章指出要制作一部優(yōu)秀的電影，除了優(yōu)秀演員之外，還需要有一個好的劇本，這是電影成功的保證。

92. changed 【解析】上文提到在過去，制作一部電影是一件十分昂貴的事，只有少數(shù)人和電影公司才能干。然而現(xiàn)在隨著時間的推移，現(xiàn)代科技將這一切都改變了，故填changed；

93. much 【解析】本句意為“現(xiàn)在一部相機花費并不多”，價格大多數(shù)人都能坦然接受，故填much;

94. tiring 【解析】該句意為“然而，電影制作是一件很累人的事”，work是不可數(shù)名詞，故要說tiring work，不能加a;

95. population 【解析】下文中都是在談論電影中的那些男女演員，加上謂語動詞是單數(shù)，故應填population；

96. besides 【解析】上邊提到了演員，下邊接著講述應該要有劇本，故填besides；

97. character 【解析】這個地方講“如果你的想象力豐富，那么你就能夠創(chuàng)作出一個具有吸引力的人物，……”，故答案填character;

98. successful 【解析】該句意為“一個優(yōu)秀的故事是電影成功的關(guān)鍵”，故答案填successful;

實戰(zhàn)練習

（一）

Do you have a pet? Are you i_____________ in taking care of animals? Girls and boys who like animals may want to study to be animal doctors. They’re often c____________ “vets”. Many of them work in animal h_____________. Others may work on farms or at a z____________. Some study animal diseases and try to find w____________ to keep the animals from getting i__________. They do studies in m_____________ for animals.

Vets listen to an animal’s h____________. They check (檢查) its ears, eyes, mouth and blood. They o___________ on animals when they need to. They may give the animals shots (注射) and tell the pet’s o ____________ what food is best.

（二）

Dear Tom:

Are you surprised to hear from me? I have not heard from you s____________ the beginning of the summer h______________. How are you getting on with your s___________? How are your parents? Is your brother Bill b______________ f______________ Canada yet?

My stamp collection is g___________ bigger and bigger. I have collected stamps of more than forty d_______________ countries. In my stamp books. I usually put the stamps from each country together. I have got a pen-friend from Britain. She gave me some B___________ stamps. My American teacher has given me some beautiful American and Canadian stamps. I’m glad to know you are going to give me some foreign stamps, but I still have not r_____________ the stamps of Nepal which you said to p_____________ me. Have you sent them off yet?

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Please write to me. Have you sent them off yet?

Yours

Zhou Wen

（三）

When Martin was a small boy, he lived in the little town of Holtham. Then he thought the town was a big p_____________. Well, Martin went back to Holtham last week. “It’s a small town!” he thought.

Holtham has changed little during the p____________ forty years. B___________ Martin has changed a lot. He has g____________ into a man. He is now in m______________ life. His thoughts are a man’s thoughts, and he sees things through a m______________ eyes.

Martin s______________ in Holtham for five years. He walked from street t___________ street. He could see no friends. Was Holtham, then, a town of strangers? No, Martin suddenly u________________ it all. Only he h_____________ was a stranger in the town.

（四）

I got an answering machine for my birthday and I soon realized（意識到）what a u____________ machine this is. I am not at home m____________ of the day, so someone can leave a message and I can ring them b_______________. They have no way to say they c_____________ get in touch with (聯(lián)系) me. S_____________ when I am at home and have work to do, the phone never s_____________. Now I put the machine on. I am not troubled. So I can do a lot m______________ work. There are some people I j_____________ do not want to talk to. So I put the machine on and I don’t have to s_______________ to them. In conclusion(總之)，I really don’t know how I lived w________________ this wonderful machine.

(五)

Near the North Pole (北極) there are two s______________, winter and summer. The winter nights are long. For more t____________ two months, you can’t s____________ the sun, e___________ at noon. The summer days are also long. For more than two months, the sun n___________ goes down and there are no n______________.

The people there have warm clothes. They make most of these clothes by t____________. They make them from the skins (皮) of a_____________. From skins they make coats and hats and even shoes. In this cold weather, trees can’t g____________. The people there have to build their houses from skins, earth or snow. Life is h____________ for the people there.

(六)

How do you like to go to school like one in Oxford(牛津大學), England ? There are no r_____________ classes. The students go from one group to a _____________ when they want to. You may find students of fourteen, sixteen or twenty-five years old all in the s______________ group. They work at their o______________ studies. Nobody tells them what they should or shouldn’t be doing.

The day I visited, school b______________ at nine. Some students were working at a tape recorder and listening to their lessons. Others were watching TV on maths. A group was reading in the school l_______________. I didn’t see anybody just sit doing n______________. Everybody was studying.

At lunch time I could see students w______________, too. They were talking about their lessons while they were e______________. When you think of these students you can be sure it is one of the best s ________________ in the world.

(七)

One day when Nasreddin was having a bath, he began to s_____________. The bathroom was small with a stone floor. His song was very b______________, he thought.

“Oh”,he said, “I sing very well. I will sing to o______________ people, too, and maybe I’ll be a famous s______________, and most people will want to hear me.”

So after his bath Nasreddin went up onto the roof (屋頂) of the house and began to sing his song very l____________.

A man was w_____________ in front of the house and he h______________ Nasreddin, he said, “What are you doing? You are m_____________ a terrible noise. Nobody wants to hear it.”

“Oh, you think so, don’t you?” answered Nasreddin, “Well, I r____________ sing very beautifully. Come to my bathroom and you’ll hear h_____________ beautiful I can sing.”

（八）

One day Mike was playing near a river. S_____________ his knife fell into the river. He felt very sad because the knife was g______________ to him by his father as a birthday present, but it was lost. Then all at once, a k______________ old woman came up and asked Mike what was the m______________.

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各省市2014年中考時間匯總

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“I had lost my knife,” he said, “ it fell into the water when I was playing here.”

The old woman s_____________ him a gold (金) knife and asked, “is this y__________?” “No.” said the boy.

The old woman then showed him a silver (銀) knife and asked a____________, “Is this yours?” “No”, again answered the boy.

Then she showed him an iron (鐵) knife. “Yes, that’s mine,” c____________ out the happy boy. “I know it well e_____________.” said the old woman.. “Now I will give you the gold knife and the silver knife b_____________ you are an honest (誠實的) boy.”

（九）

Tom liked to play at school. He had not been doing w____________ in the exam.. So the a__________ teacher decided to ask his father to come to school to have a t___________ with him. When his father came, the teacher said to him, “ Your son didn’t work hard, and e_________ worse, he cheated (作弊) in the exam.”

“ How do you l___________ it?” Tom’s father said. “Since Tom has the s___________ answer as the girl’s. The girl sits next to him.” The teacher said. Then the father said, “ Then m__________ the girl copied my son’s answer.”

“Oh no! There are ten questions on the paper. Your son’s answer t__________ the first nine questions are just the same as the g____________. To the last question the girl answered, ‘I don’t know’. And your son write ‘N___________ do I’ ”.

（十）

A shop owner c____________ his shop and went home. He was very t___________ ,but j____________ as he went to bed, the telephone rang . A man asked, “What time do you o_____________ your shop?”

The shop owner was u______________ about this phone call. He put down the receiver(聽筒) without a_____________ and went back to bed. A few minutes later the telephone rang again and the man asked the s_____________ question. The shop owner became very angry and shouted, “ You needn’t ask me when I open the shop, f____________ I won’t let you i___________.”

“Oh, no, I don’t want to get in,” the man said, “I want to go o___________.”

實戰(zhàn)練習答案：

1. interested , called, hospitals, zoo, ways, ill, medicine ,heart, operate , owner

2. since, holidays, studies, back, from, getting, different, British , received, post

3. place, past, But, grown, middle, man’s, stayed, to, understood, himself

4. useful, most, back, can’t, stops, more, just, speak, without

6. real, another, same, own, began, library, nothing, working, eating, schools

7. sing, beautiful, other, singer, loudly, walking, heard, making, really, how

8. Suddenly, given, kind, matter, showed, yours, again, cried, enough, because

9. well. Angry, talk, even, learn, same, maybe, to, girl’s, Neither.

10. closed, tired, just, open, unhappy, answering, same, for, in, out

中大網(wǎng)校推薦新聞：

各省市2014年中考時間匯總

各省市2014年中考報名時間匯總

各地2013年中考滿分作文

各省市2014年中考體育評分標準與項目匯總

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