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論雅思和新托福考試中議論文的異同點(diǎn)(3)

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論雅思和新托福考試中議論文的異同點(diǎn)(3)

  在上一篇論文中,筆者重點(diǎn)從考試形式方面討論了雅思和新托福寫作部分考試中議論文在考試形式上的異同點(diǎn)。在本文中,筆者將轉(zhuǎn)換視角,從兩者對(duì)于文章的寫作內(nèi)容的要求上進(jìn)行深入的總結(jié)和分析。
  關(guān)鍵字: 話題種類、話題范圍和指令體裁
  雅思考試和新托??荚囋谠掝}種類上比較相似:他們都要求考生對(duì)一個(gè)特定的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象或事物發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn)和加以論證。并且,話題都涉及教育、科技、文化、社會(huì)、環(huán)境等等諸多范圍。下面的表格將呈現(xiàn)出這一特點(diǎn)。
  

雅思議論文

新托福議論文

教育類

Some people think that teachers should be responsible for teaching students to judge what is right and wrong so that they can behave well. Others say that teachers should only teach students academic subjects. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Some people believe that university students should be required to attend classes. Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students. Which point of view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer. ( Topic 14 from 185 TOEFL topics)

科技類

There are social, medical and technical problems associated with the use of mobile phones. What forms do they take? Do you agree that the problems outweigh the benefits of mobile phones?

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Technology has made the world a better place to live. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. ( Topic 82 from 185 TOEFL topics)

文化類

Some people think museums should be enjoyable places to attract and entertain young people, while others think the purpose of museums should be to educate, not entertain. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.

If you were asked to send one thing representing your country to an international exhibition, what would you choose? Why? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice. ( Topic 98 from 185 TOEFL topics)


   社會(huì)類

Housing shortage in big cities can cause severe social consequences. Some people think only government action can solve this problem. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Every generation of people is different in important ways. How is your generation different from your parents’ generation? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your answer. ( Topic 174 from 185 TOEFL topics)

環(huán)境類

Some people believe that air travel should be restricted because it causes serious pollution and uses up the world's fuel resources. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Some people believe that the Earth is being harmed(damaged) by human activity. Others feel that human activity makes the Earth a better place to live. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. ( Topic 29 from 185 TOEFL topics)


  除了以上5個(gè)主流話題類別以外,雅思和新托福的議論文話題范圍還可能涉及到生活方式、個(gè)人喜好、金錢等等方面??偠灾瑢?duì)于議論的話題,這兩種考試都是不拘一格,可能涉及到生活、學(xué)習(xí)、工作的方方面面的。因此,無論是準(zhǔn)備其中哪一種考試的考生,都需要對(duì)話題寫作所需要用到的詞匯和觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行充分的擴(kuò)充和準(zhǔn)備,擴(kuò)大自己平時(shí)的閱讀量。
  從話題范圍來說,雅思和新托福的區(qū)別比較明顯。雖然從1989年就開始了雅思考試,而且它進(jìn)入中國(guó)市場(chǎng)也有將近10載,但是官方從來沒有公布過雅思議論文話題的題庫。在中國(guó)大陸培訓(xùn)市場(chǎng)上所流傳的題庫多是經(jīng)由考生回憶,考生或者老師整理起來的。雖然在二、三年前,雅思議論文曾經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過重復(fù)考題現(xiàn)象較多的情況,但是隨著2006年5月取消了原來的90天考試限制,雅思的試題研發(fā)力度加大,新的雅思議論文話題層出不窮。新托??荚嚨淖h論文則部分沿用了原來的老托福的題庫。舊托福時(shí)代的作文題目是公開的,一共有185題。新托??荚嚥捎昧司W(wǎng)考的形式后仍然有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的考題沿用了185題庫中的原題,或者稍作修改。
  雅思議論文題目的范圍雖然大,但是它的出題指令卻是相對(duì)而言比較簡(jiǎn)單的。雅思議論文的主流出題指令是出現(xiàn)在主題后,并有以下4種:
  1. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (雙邊/單邊)
  2. Discuss both views and give your opinion. (雙邊)
  3. Do you agree or disagree? (單邊/雙邊)
  4. Analyze the reasons to the problem and give some solutions. (問題解決)
  從以上指令可以看出,雅思議論文寫作的題材基本為單邊支持,雙邊中立和問題解決三種。
  而同樣的寫作體裁,在托福文章中的指令出現(xiàn)的位置和使用的語言卻會(huì)發(fā)生變化。以下是新托福議論文寫作不同的指令以及相對(duì)應(yīng)的體裁。
  1.同意/不同意
  這類題目通常會(huì)含有 “ Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?” 的指令。要求讓考生對(duì)特定的一件事情選擇贊成或不贊成的觀點(diǎn)并進(jìn)行論證。題號(hào)有:
  2,8,10,23,27,28,34,37,38,39,40,41,49,53,54,55,58,60,61,63,66,68,
  72,74,76,77,81,82,83,88,94,97,99,102,119,120,122,123,125,126,131,133,
  134,136,137,148,150,153,162,173,175
  2.二選一
  這類題目通常會(huì)含有 “ Some people think……, others think……. Which do you prefer?”的指令。要求學(xué)生在兩個(gè)不同觀點(diǎn)或事件中選取其中一點(diǎn)進(jìn)行支持并論證。題號(hào)有:
  4,9,11,13,14,17,19,20,29,31,32,33,35,44,45,47,50,51,56,57,64,65,67,
  71,73,75,78,92,95,100,101,104,105,107,108,109,110,111,112,114,115,117,
  118,121,124,127,128,129,135,138,140,143,144,145,146,157,158,160,163,167,
  177,181,184,185
  3.多選一
  這類題目通常給出或者隱含有較多可供選擇的選項(xiàng)。要求考生選取其中一項(xiàng)進(jìn)行論證。題號(hào)有:
  6,36,42,62,69,79,87,89,90,91,98,106,116,132,141,142,151,152,155,156,
  159,165,171,176
  4.分析題
  這類題目的指令通常不固定。要求考生對(duì)特定的話題進(jìn)行分析和論證。題號(hào)有: 3,7,15,18,22,46,48,52,80,93,96,103,147,164,166,172,174,178,179,183
  5.原因說明
  這類題目要求考生寫出導(dǎo)致某一個(gè)特定現(xiàn)象的原因。指令中通常包括 “Why……?”。題號(hào)有:
  1,12,21,43,161,168,169,170,180
  6.優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)
  這類題目通常指令不固定。要求考生寫出特定的一件事情的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)。題號(hào)有: 5,24,84,70,113,130,154,182
  7.假設(shè)
  這類題目的指令通常含有 “If……”或者 “Imagine……”。 要求考生對(duì)一件沒有發(fā)生事情進(jìn)行想象并且論證。題號(hào)有:16,25,26,30,85,86,149。
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