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英語(yǔ)閱讀難句分析之倒裝句

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英語(yǔ)閱讀難句分析之倒裝句
 英語(yǔ)句子通常有兩種語(yǔ)序,一種是自然語(yǔ)序(Natural Order),又稱(chēng)正裝語(yǔ)序,另一種便是本章要介紹的倒裝語(yǔ)序(Inverted Order)。
  從形式上分,倒裝有兩種:全部倒裝(Full Inversion)和部分倒裝(Partial Inversion)。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部位于主語(yǔ)之前的稱(chēng)作全部倒裝,例如:In front of me stood a boy. (我面前站著一個(gè)男孩。)只將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一部分(通常是助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)放在主語(yǔ)之前的稱(chēng)作部分倒裝,例如:Only in this way can we do it better. (只有這樣,我們才能做得更好一些)從使用目的區(qū)分,倒裝也有兩種情況,即語(yǔ)法倒裝(Grammatical Inversion)和修辭倒裝(Rhetorical Inversion)。語(yǔ)法倒裝是由于語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的要求而必須進(jìn)行的倒裝,例如:Who called me just now?(剛才誰(shuí)打給我?)修辭倒裝是出于修辭的需要而把正常語(yǔ)序轉(zhuǎn)為倒裝語(yǔ)序,例如:Out rushed the children.(孩子們沖了出去)H·Fowler歸納倒裝的原因有九種,即疑問(wèn)、命令、驚嘆、假設(shè)、平衡、銜接、點(diǎn)題(signpost)、否定和韻律(metrical)。這并不完全,還應(yīng)加上強(qiáng)調(diào)和為使描寫(xiě)更加生動(dòng)兩種。在英語(yǔ)中,倒裝句俯拾即是,用得非常普遍,但漢語(yǔ)卻很少用,所以在翻譯倒裝句時(shí),仍應(yīng)按原文詞序翻譯,并照顧漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣,以保持譯文句子結(jié)構(gòu)流暢、勻稱(chēng)。本章只列舉在閱讀文章中常遇到的倒裝現(xiàn)象,以使考生熟悉英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)序上的差異。

  1. Jack London poured into his writings all the pain of his life,the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him,and the conviction it had brought to him that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters.
  第一層:Jack London 主 poured 謂 into his writings 狀 all the pain 賓 of his life,定 the fierce hatred 賓 of the bourgeoisie 定 that it had produced in him ,定語(yǔ)從句1 and 連 the conviction 賓 it had brought to him 定語(yǔ)從句2 that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise 同位語(yǔ)從句 up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters .
  第二層:(定語(yǔ)從句1)that 引 it 主 had produced 謂 in him 狀
 ?。ǘㄕZ(yǔ)從句2)it 主 had brought to 謂 him 間賓
  (同位語(yǔ)從句)that 引 the world 主 could be made 謂 a better place 賓 to live in 定 if the exploited would rise up and take the man- 狀語(yǔ)從句 agement of society out of the hands of the exploiters.
  第三層:(狀語(yǔ)從句)if 引 the exploited 主 would rise up 謂 and 連 take 謂 the management 賓 of society 定 out of the hands of the exploiters 狀
  要點(diǎn) 本句為倒裝句。如果賓語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)或賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,往往將賓語(yǔ)后置,采用倒裝語(yǔ)序,以使句子保持平衡。本句的賓語(yǔ)由三個(gè)并列的名詞構(gòu)成,且第二和第三個(gè)名詞后又帶有限定性定語(yǔ)從句,故采用倒裝語(yǔ)序,將動(dòng)詞poured的賓語(yǔ)放在狀語(yǔ)into his writings之后。all the pain……,the fierce hatred……和the conviction……是poured的三個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ);其中,第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾hatred,it had brought to him修飾conviction,在該定語(yǔ)從句中其關(guān)系代詞作賓語(yǔ)而被省略;第二個(gè)that從句則是conviction的同位語(yǔ)從句。
  譯文 杰克·倫敦在作品中傾注了他一生中所遭受過(guò)的一切痛苦,傾訴了這種痛苦在他心中產(chǎn)生的對(duì)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)的刻骨仇恨以及由此產(chǎn)生的這樣的信念:如果被剝削者起來(lái)反抗,從剝削者手中奪回社會(huì)管理權(quán),那么世界就會(huì)變成一個(gè)人人有好日子過(guò)的地方。

  2. Along with them goes social mobility,ambition to rise in the urban world,a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century.
  分析:Along with them 狀 goes 謂 social 定 mobility,主 ambition 主 to rise in the 定 urban world,a main factor 同位語(yǔ) in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century. 定
  要點(diǎn) 這是一個(gè)完全倒裝句,主語(yǔ)是social mobility……century,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是goes.ambition to rise in the urban world 是對(duì) social mobility的進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明。a main factor在意思上相當(dāng)于which is a main factor in……century,修飾 ambition to ……world.本句可按原文順序翻譯。
  譯文 伴隨他們而來(lái)的是社會(huì)的流動(dòng)性,人們強(qiáng)烈地希望在城市里發(fā)展,這是19世紀(jì)歐洲出生率下降的主要因素。
  3. For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
  要點(diǎn) 句中had he grown up …… 是虛擬條件中省略if的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。翻譯時(shí),要把if的含義譯出。主句為并列謂語(yǔ)…… compensate …… , and …… tell結(jié)構(gòu)。句中how引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。虛擬條件句為賓語(yǔ)從句的狀語(yǔ)。根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,條件狀語(yǔ)常前置。
  譯文 例如,它們并不彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公;因此,它們說(shuō)明不了一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人,如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長(zhǎng),會(huì)有多大的才干。

  4. So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.
  要點(diǎn) 本句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是the children become so involved with their computers that……。因?yàn)榘裺o involved with their computers 放在了句首,所以句子必須倒裝。因?yàn)樵摼涞膭?dòng)詞是become,所以用do來(lái)幫助倒裝。翻譯時(shí)宜用正裝語(yǔ)序。
  譯文 參加計(jì)算機(jī)夏令營(yíng)的孩子們對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)如此著迷,以至夏令營(yíng)的負(fù)責(zé)人常常不得不強(qiáng)迫他們停下來(lái)參加體育運(yùn)動(dòng)或做游戲。

  5. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized,it is in the interest of business to universalize access - after all,the more people online,the more potential customers there are.
  要點(diǎn) 破折號(hào)后面的部分是用來(lái)解釋句子主句的,在結(jié)構(gòu)上是部分倒裝句,屬(從句)the+比較級(jí)……,(主句) the +比較級(jí)句型,這樣的句子一般主謂不倒裝。翻譯時(shí)可用正裝。universalize:使普遍化;使通用化。
  譯文 隨著國(guó)際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)越來(lái)越商業(yè)化,普及上網(wǎng)會(huì)對(duì)商家有利,因?yàn)樯暇W(wǎng)的人越多,潛在的顧客數(shù)量就越多。

(責(zé)任編輯:中大編輯)

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